+Introductory Hints+.--The subject noun and the predicate verb are not always or often the whole of the structure that we call the sentence, though they are the underlying timbers that support the rest of the verbal bridge. Other words may be built upon them.

We learned in Lesson 8 that things resemble one another and differ from one another. They resemble and they differ in what we call their qualities. Things are alike whose qualities are the same, as, two oranges having the same color, taste, and odor. Things are unlike, as an orange and an apple, whose qualities are different.

It is by their qualities, then, that we know things and group them.

_Ripe apples are healthful. Unripe apples are hurtful._ In these two sentences we have the same word apples to name the same general class of things; but the prefixed words ripe and unripe, marking opposite qualities in the apples, separate the apples into two kinds--the ripe ones and the unripe ones.

These prefixed words _ripe_ and _unripe_, then, limit the word _apples_ in its scope; _ripe apples_ or _unripe apples_ applies to fewer things than _apples_ alone applies to.

If we say _the, this, that_ apple, or _an, no_ apple, or _some, many, eight_ apples, we do not mark any quality of the fruit; but _the, this,_ or _that_ points out a particular apple, and limits the word _apple_ to the one pointed out; and _an, no, some, many_, or _eight_ limits the word in respect to the number of apples that it denotes.

These and all such words as by marking quality, by pointing out, or by specifying number or quantity limit the scope or add to the meaning of the noun, +modify+ it, and are called +Modifiers+.

In the sentence above, _apples_ is the +Simple Subject+ and _ripe apples_ is the +Modified Subject+.

Words that modify nouns and pronouns are called +Adjectives+ (Lat. _ad_, to, and _jacere_, to throw).

+DEFINITION.--A _Modifier_ is a word or a group of words joined to some part of the sentence to qualify or limit the meaning+.

The +Subject+ with its +Modifiers+ is called the +Modified Subject+, or _Logical Subject_.

+DEFINITION.--An _Adjective_ is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun+.

Analysis and Parsing.

1. The cold November rain is falling.

rain | is falling =========================|============== \The \cold \November |

+Explanation.+--The two lines shaded alike and placed uppermost stand for the subject and the predicate, and show that these are of the same rank, and are the principal parts of the sentence. The lighter lines, placed under and joined to the subject line, stand for the less important parts, the modifiers, and show what is modified. [Footnote: TO THE TEACHER.--When several adjectives are joined to one noun, each adjective does not always modify the unlimited noun. _That old wooden house was burned._ Here _wooden_ modifies _house_, _old_ modifies _house_ limited by _wooden_, and _that_ modifies _house_ limited by _old_ and _wooden_. This may be illustrated in the diagram by numbering the modifiers in the order of their rank, thus:--

| ==================|======= \3 \2 \1 |